1 PRELUDES 1.1 Nature and Mathematics: Physics as Natural Philosophy 1.2 Contemporary Physics: Classical and Modern 1.3 Standards for Measurement 1.4 Units of Convenience and Unit Conversions 1.5 The Meaning of the Word Dimension 1.6 The Various Meanings of the Equal Sign 1.7 Estimation and Order of Magnitude 1.8 The Distinction Between Precision and Accuracy 2 A MATHEMATICAL TOOLBOX 2.1 Scalar and Vector Quantities 2.2 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 2.3 Parallel Transport of Vectors 2.4 Vector Addition by Geometric Methods:Tail-to-Tip Method 2.5 Determining Whether a Quantity Is a Vector* 2.6 Vector Difference by Geometric Methods 2.7 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 2.8 The Cartesian Coordinate System and the Cartesian Unit Vectors 2.9 The Cartesian Representation of Any Vector 2.10 Multiplication of a Vector Expressed in Cartesian Form by a Scalar 2.11 Expressing Vector Addition and Subtraction in Cartesian Form 2.12 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form 2.13 Determining the Angle Between Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form 2.14 Equality of Two Vectors 2.15 Vector Equations 2.16 The Vector Product of Two Vectors 2.17 The Vector Product of Two Vectors Expressed in Cartesian Form 2.18 Variation of a Vector 2.19 Some Aspects of Vector Calculus 3 KINEMATICSⅠ 3.1 Rectilinear Motion 3.2 Position and Changes in Position 3.3 Average Speed and Average Velocity 3.4 Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity 3.5 Average Acceleration 3.6 Instantaneous Acceleration 3.7 Rectilinear Motion with a Constant Acceleration 3.8 Geometric Interpretaions* 4 KINEMATICSⅡ 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors in Two Dimensions 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with a Constant Acceleration 4.3 Motion in Three Dimensions 4.4 Relative Velocity Addition and Accelerations 4.5 Uniform Circular Motion: A First Look 4.6 The Angular Velocity Vector 4.7 The Geometry and Coordinates for Describing Circular Motion 4.8 The Position Vector for Circular Motion 4.9 The Velocity and Angular Velocity in Circular Motion 4.10 Uniform Circular Motion Revisited 4.11 Nonuniform Circular Motion and the Angular Acceleration 4.12 Nonuniform Circular Motion with a Constant Angular Acceleration 5 NEWTON#S LAWS OF MOTION 5.1 Fundamental Particles* 5.2 The Fundamental Forces of Nature* 5.3 Newton#s First Law of Motion and a Qualitative Conception of Force 5.4 The Concept of Force and Its Measurement 5.5 Newton#s Second Law of Motion 5.6 Newton#s Third Law of Motion 5.7 Limitations to Applying Newton#s Laws of Motion 5.8 Inertial Reference Frames: Do They Really Exist?* 5.9 Second Law and Third Law Force Diagrams 5.10 Weight and the Normal Force of a Surface 5.11 Tensions in Ropes, Strings, and Cables 5.12 Static Friction 5.13 Kinetic Friction at Low Speeds 5.14 Kinetic Friction Proportional to the Particle Speed* 5.15 Fundamental Forces and Other Forces Revisited* 5.16 Noninertial Reference Frames* 6 THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE AND THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 6.1 How Did Newton Deduce the Gravitational Force Law? 6.2 Newton#s Law of Universal Gravitation 6.3 Gravitational Force of a Uniform Spherical Shell on a Particle 6.4 Gravitational Force of a Uniform Sphere on a Particle 6.5 Measuring the Mass of the Earth 6.6 Artificial Satellites of the Earth 6.7 Kepler#s First Law of Planetary Motion and the Geometry of Ellipses 6.8 Spatial Average Position of a Planet in an Elliptical Orbit* 6.9 Kepler#s Second Law of Planetary Motion 6.10 Central Forces, Orbital Angular Momentum, and Kepler#s Second Law* 6.11 Newton#s Form for Kepler#s Third Law of Planetary Motion 6.12 Customized Units 6.13 The Gravitational Field 6.14 The Flux of a Vector* 6.15 Gauss#s Law for the Gravitational Field* 7 HOOKE#S FORCE LAW AND SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATION 7.1 Hooke#s Force Law 7.2 Simple Harmonic Oscillation 7.3 A Vertically Oriented Spring 7.4 Connection Between Simple Harmonic Oscillation and Uniform Circular Motion 7.5 How to Determine Whether an Oscillatory Motion Is Simple Harmonic Oscillation 7.6 The Simple Pendulum 7.7 Through a Fictional Earth in 42 Minutes 7.8 Damped Oscillations* 7.9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance* 8 WORK,ENERGY,AND THE CWE THEOREM 8.1 Motivation for Introducing the Concepts of Work and Energy 8.2 The Work Done by Any Force 8.3 The Work Done by a Constant Force 8.4 The Work Done by the Total Force 8.5 Geometric Interpretation of the Work Done by a Force 8.6 Conservative, Nonconservative, and Zero-Work Forces 8.7 Examples of Conservative, Nonconservative,and Zero-Work Forces 8.8 The Concept of Potential Energy 8.9 The Gravitational Potential Energy of a System near the Surface of the Earth 8.10 The General Form for the Gravitational Potential Energy 8.11 The Relationship Between the Local Form for the Gravitational Potential Energy and the More Genral Form* 8.12 The Potential Energy Function Associated with Hooke#s Force Law 8.13 The CWE Theorem 8.14 The Escape Speed 8.15 Black Holes* 8.16 Limitations of the CWE Theorem: Two Paradoxical Examples* 8.17 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator Revisited 8.18 The Average and Instantaneous Power of a Force 8.19 The Power of the Total Force Acting on a System 8.20 Motion Under the Influence of Conservative Forces Only: Energy Diagrams* 9 IMPULSE, MOMENTUM,AND COLLISIONS 9.1 Momentum and Newton#s Second Law of Motion 9.2 Impulse-Momentum Theorem 9.3 The Rocket:A System with Variable Mass* 9.4 Conservation of Momentum 9.5 Collisions 9.6 Disintegrations and Explosions 9.7 The Centripetal Acceleration Revisited* 9.8 An Alternative Way to Look at Force Transmission* 9.9 The Center of Mass 9.10 Dynamics of a System of Particles 9.11 Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles 9.12 The Velocity of the Center of Mass for Collisions* 9.13 The Center of Mass Reference Frame* 10 SPIN AND ORBITAL MOTION 10.1 The Distinction Between Spin and Orbital Motion 10.2 The Orbital Angular Momentum of a Particle 10.3 The Circular Orbital Motion of a Single Particle 10.4 Noncircular Orbital Motion 10.5 Rigid Bodies and Symmetry Axes 10.6 Spin Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 10.7 The Time Rate of Change of the Spin Angular Momentum 10.8 The Moment of Inertia of Various Rigid Bodies 10.9 The Kinetic Energy of a Spinning System 10.10 Spin Distorts the Shape of the Earth* 10.11 The Precession of a Rapidly Spinning Top* 10.12 The Precession of the Spinning Earth* 10.13 Simultaneous Spin and Orbital Motion 10.14 Synchronous Rotation and the Parallel Axis Theorem 10.15 Rolling Motion Without Slipping 10.16 Wheels* 10.17 Total Angular Momentum and Torque 10.18 Conservation of Angular Momentum 10.19 Conditions for Static Equilibrium 11 SOLIDS AND FLUIDS 11.1 States of Matter 11.2 Stress,Strain, and Young#s Modulus for Solids 11.3 Fluid Pressure 11.4 Static Fluids 11.5 Pascal#s Principle 11.6 Archimedes# Principle 11.7 The Center of Buoyancy* 11.8 Surface Tension* 11.9 Capillary Action* 11.10 Fluid Dynamics: Ideal Fluids 11.11 Equation of Flow Continuity 11.12 Bernoulli#s Principle for Incompressible Ideal Fluids 11.13 Nonideal Fluids* 11.14 Viscous Flow* 12 WAVES 12.1 What Is a Wave? 12.2 Longitudinal and Transverse Waves 12.3 Wavefunctions,Waveforms,and Oscillations 12.4 Waves Propagating in One, Two, and Three Dimensions 12.5 One-Dimensional Waves Moving at Constant Velocity 12.6 The Classical Wave Equation for One-Dimensional Waves* 12.7 Periodic Waves 12.8 Sinusoidal (Harmonic) Waves 12.9 Waves on a String 12.10 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 12.11 Energy Transport via Mechanical Waves 12.12 Wave Intensity 12.13 What is a Sound Wave?* 12.14 Sound Intensity and Sound Level* 12.15 The Acoustic Doppler Effect* 12.16 Shock Waves* 12.17 Diffraction of Waves 12.18 The Principle of Superposition 12.19 Standing Waves 12.20 Wave Groups and Beats* 12.21 Fourier Analysis and the Uncertainty Principles* 13 TEMPERATURE,HEAT TRANSFER,AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 13.1 Simple Thermodynamic Systems 13.2 Temperature 13.3 Work,Heat Transfer,Temperature,and Thermal Equilibrium 13.4 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 13.5 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 13.6 Temperature Conversions Between the Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales* 13.7 Thermal Effects in Solids and Liquids: Size 13.8 Thermal Effects in Ideal Gases 13.9 Calorimetry 13.10 Reservoirs 13.11 Mechanisms for Heat Transfer* 13.12 Thermodynamic Processes 13.13 Energy Conservation:The First Law of Thermodynamics and the CWE Theorem 13.14 The Connection Between the CWE Theorem General Statement of Energy Conservation 13.15 Work Done by a System on Its Surroundings 13.16 Work Done by a Gas Taken Around a Cycle 3.17 Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics:Changes of State 14 KINETIC THEORY 14.1 Background for the Kinetic Theory of Gases 14.2 The Ideal Gas Approximation 14.3 The Pressure of an Ideal Gas 14.4 The Meaning of the Absolute Temperature 14.5 The Internal Energy of a Monatomic Ideal Gas 14.6 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 14.7 Complications Arise for Diatomic and Polyatomic Gases 14.8 Degrees of Freedom and the Equipartition of Energy Theorem 14.9 Specific Heat of a Solid* 14.10 Some Failures of Classical Kinetic Theory 14.11 Quantum Mechanical Effects* 14.12 An Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas 15 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 15.1 Why Do Some Things Happen,While Other Do Not? 15.2 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 15.3 The Carnot Heat Engine and Its Efficiency 15.4 Absolute Zero and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 15.5 Refrigerator Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 15.6 The Carnot Refrigerator Engine 15.7 The Efficiency of Real Heat Engines and Refrigerator Engines 15.8 A New Concept:Entropy 15.9 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 15.10 The Direction of Heat Transfer:A Consequence of the Second Law 15.11 A Statistical Interpretaiton of the Entropy* 15.12 Entropy Maximization and the Arrow of Time* 15.13 Extensive and Intensive State Variables* 16 ELECTRIC CHARGES, ELECTRICAL FORCES,AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD 16.1 The Discovery of Electrification 16.2 Polarization and Induction 16.3 Coulomb#s Force Law for Pointlike Charges:The Quantification of Charge 16.4 Charge Quantization 16.5 The Electric Field of Static Charges 16.6 The Electric Field of Pointlike Charge Distributions 16.7 A Way to Visualize the Electric Field:Electric Field Lines 16.8 A Common Molecular Charge Distribution: The Electric Dipole 16.9 The Electric Field of Continuous Distributions of Charge 16.20 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field:An Electrical Projectile 16.11 Gauss#s Law for Electric Fields* 16.12 Calculating the Magnitude of the Electric Field Using Gauss#s Law* 16.13 Conductors* 16.14 Other Electrical Materials* 17 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY AND THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 17.1 Electrical Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 17.2 The Electric Potential of a Pointlike Charge 17.3 The Electric Potential of a Collection of Pointlike Charges 17.4 The Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions of Finite Size 17.5 Equipotential Volumes and Surfaces 17.6 The Relationship Between the Electric Potential and the Electric Field 17.7 Acceleration of Charged Particles Under the Influence of Electrical Forces 17.8 A New Energy Unit: The Electron-Volt 17.9 An Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field Revisited 17.10 The Electric Potential and Electric Field of a Dipole* 17.11 The Potential Energy of a Distribution of Pointlike Charges 17.12 Lightning Rods 18 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS,INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES,AND CAPACITORS 18.1 Terminology, Notation, and Conventions 18.2 Circuit Elements 18.3 An Independent Voltage Source:A Source of Emf 18.4 Connections of Circuit Elements 18.5 Independent Voltage Sources in Series and Parallel 18.6 Capacitors 18.7 Series and Parallel Combinations of Capacitors 18.8 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 18.9 Electrostatics in Insulating Material Media* 18.10 Capacitors and Dielectrics* 18.11 Dielectric Breakdown* 19 ELECTRIC CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 19.1 The Concept of Electric Current 19.2 Electric Current 19.3 The Piece de Resistance:Resistance and Ohm#s Law 19.4 Resistance Thermometers 19.5 Characteristic Curves 19.6 Series and Parallel Connections Revisited 19.7 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 19.8 Electric Power 19.9 Electrical Neworks and Circuits 19.10 Electronics 19.11 Kirchhoff#s Laws for Circuit Analysis 19.12 Electric Shock Hazards* 19.13 A Model for a Real Battery 19.14 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 19.15 Basic Eletronic Instruments:Voltmeters, Ammeters,and Ohmmeters 19.16 An Introduction to Transients in Circuits: A Series RC Circuit* 20 MAGNETIC FORCES AND THE MAGNETIC FIELD 20.1 The Magnetic Field 20.2 Applications 20.3 Magnetic Forces on Currents 20.4 Work Done by Magnetic Forces 20.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field 20.6 The Biot-Savart Law 20.7 Forces of Parallel Currents on Each Other and the Definition of the Ampere 20.8 Gauss#s Law for the Magnetic Field* 20.9 Magnetic Poles and Current Loops 20.10 Ampere#s Law* 20.11 The Displacement Current and the Ampere-Maxwell Law* 20.12 Magnetic Materials* 20.13 The Magnetic Field of the Earth* 21 FARADAY#S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 21.1 Faraday#s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 21.2 Lenz#s Law 21.3 An ac Generator 21.4 Summary of the Maxwell Equations of Electromagnetism 21.5 Electromagnetic Waves* 21.6 Self-Inductance* 21.7 Series and Parallel Combinations of Inductors* 21.8 A Series LR Circuit* 21.9 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field* 21.10 A Parallel LC Circuit* 21.11 Mutual Inductance* 21.12 An Ideal Transformer* 22 SINUSOIDAL AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 22.1 Representations of a Complex Variable 22.2 Arithmetic Operations with Complex Variables 22.3 Complex Potential Differences and Currents: Phasors 22.4 The Potential Difference and Current Phasors for Resistors,Inductors,and Capacitors 22.5 Series and Parallel Combinations of Impedances 22.6 Complex Independent ac Voltage Sources 22.7 Power Absorbed by Circuit Elements in ac Circuits 22.8 A Filter Circuit 22.9 A Series RLC Circuit 23 GEOMETRIC OPTICS 23.1 The Domains of Optics 23.2 The Inverse Square Law for Light 23.3 The Law of Reflection 23.4 The Law of Refraction 23.5 Total Internal Reflection 23.6 Dispersion 23.7 Rainbows* 23.8 Objects and Images 23.9 The Cartesian Sign Convention 23.10 Image Formation by Spherical and Plane Mirrors 23.11 Ray Diagrams for Mirrors 23.12 Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface 23.13 Thin Lenses 23.14 Ray Diagrams for Thin 23.15 Optical Instruments 24 PHYSICAL OPTICS 24.1 Existence of Light Waves 24.2 Interference 24.3 Young#s Double Slit Experiment 24.4 Single Slit Diffraction 24.5 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 24.6 Resolution 24.7 The Double Slit Revisited 24.8 Multiple Slits: The Diffraction Grating 24.9 Resolution and Angular Disperaion of a Diffraction Grating 24.10 The Index of Refraction and the Speed of Light 24.11 Thin-Film Interference* 24.12 Polarized Light* 24.13 Polarization by Absorption* 24.14 Malus#s Law* 24.15 Polarization by Reflection:Brewster#s Law* 24.16 Polarization by Double Refraction* 24.17 Polarization by Scattering* 24.18 Rayleigh and Mie Scattering* 24.19 Optical Activity* 25 THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 25.1 Reference Frames 25.2 Classical Galilean Relativity 25.3 The Need for Change and the Postulates of the Special Theory 25.4 Time Dilation 25.5 Lengths Perpendicular to the Direction of Motion 25.6 Lengths Oriented Along the Direction of Motion: Length Contraction 25.7 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 25.8 The Relativity of Simultaneity 25.9 A Relativistic Centipede 25.10 A Relativistic Paradox and Its Resolution* 25.11 Relativistic Velocity Addition 25.12 Cosmic Jets and the Optical Illusion of Superluminal Speeds* 25.13 The Longitudinal Doppler Effect 25.14 The Transverse Doppler Effect* 25.15 A General Equation for the Relativistic Doppler Effect* 25.16 Relativistic Momentum 25.17 The CWE Theorem Revisited 25.18 Implications of the Equivalence Between Mass and Energy 25.19 Space-Time Diagrams* 25.20 Electromgnetic Implications of the Special Theory* 25.21 The General Theory of Relativity* 26 AN APERITIF: MODERN PHYSICS 26.1 The Discovery of the Electron 26.2 The Discovery of X-rays 26.3 The Discovery of Radioactivity 26.4 The Appearance of Planck#s Constant h 26.5 The Photoelectric Effect 26.6 The Quest for an Atomic Model: Plum Pudding 26.7 The Bohr Model of a Hydrogenic Atom 26.8 The Bohr Correspondence Principle 26.9 A Bohr Model of the Solar System?* 26.10 Problems with the Bohr Model 26.11 Radioactivity Revisited 26.12 Carbon Dating 26.13 Radiation Units,Dose,and Exposure* 26.14 The Momentum of a Photon 26.15 The de Broglie Hypothesis 27 AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS 27.1 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principles 27.2 Implications of the Position-Momentum Uncertainty Principle 27.3 Implications of the Energy-Time Uncertainty Principle 27.4 Observation and Measurement 27.5 Particle-Waves and the Wavefunction 27.6 Operators* 27.7 The Schrodinger Equation*